Aanna Lukasik Free Essays

aAnna Lukasik Acc 422-8909 Q 8-31 1. Not required during this stage †2. Meaningful testing 2. We will compose a custom article test on Aanna Lukasik or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Should concentrate on upgrading the auditor’s comprehension of the evaluators comprehension of the client’s business and the exchanges and occasions that have happened since the last review date. †1 Planning 3. Should concentrate on recognizing regions that may speak to explicit dangers pertinent to the review. †1. Arranging 4. Try not to bring about location of errors. †4 Statement isn't right concerning anatical strategies 5. Intended to acquire evidential issue about specific declarations identified with account adjusts or classed of exchanges. †2 Substantive testing 6. For the most part use information accumulated at a lower level than different stages. †2 Substantive testing 7. Ought to incorporate perusing the fiscal summaries and notes to consider the ampleness of proof accumulated †3. By and large survey 8. Include compromise of affirmation answers with recorded book sums †4 Statement isn't right concerning scientific systems 9. Utilization of primer or unadjusted working preliminary equalization as a wellspring of information †1 Planning the review 10. Expected to bring about diminished degree of identification chance †2 Substantive testing Q-30 a) The minutes of each gathering allude to the minutes of past gathering. What's more the examiner ought to get the following year’s minutes, presumably for February 2010, to ensure the earlier minutes alluded to were those from September 16, 2009. b) Information applicable to 2009 Audit Action Required February 15 1. Endorsement for expanded dispersion During scientific methods, a Costs of $500 000. ncrease of $500000 ought not out of the ordinary for conveyance costs 2. Uncertain assessment debate. Assess goals of debate and sufficiency of divulgence in FS 3. PC gear gave. Verify that old gear was accurately rewarded in 2008 in the announcements and that suitable reasoning was taken 4. Yearly money profit. Figure all out profits to establish that profit was effectively recorded. 5. Officers’ rewards. Decide were paid in 2009. Consider the expense ramifications of unpaid rewards to officials. September 16 1. 2009 Officers’ chose. Advise staff regarding plausibility of related gathering exchange. 2. Officers’ pay data. Note data in review records for 2010 review. 3. Annuity and benefit sharing arrangement. Decide whether the benefits/benefit sharing arrangement was affirmed. On the off chance that so ensure all advantages and liabilities have been accurately recorded. 4. Advance. Analyze supporting documentation of credit and affirm advance data with bank. 5. Aquistation of new PCs syst Determine of removal of the 1 year old gear and check the account of the activities. 6. Evaluator Selection The most effective method to refer to Aanna Lukasik, Essay models

Final Report †Hardware Project Essay Sample free essay sample

1. 1 Introduction In the cutting edge social orders individuals resemble to do their lives simpler. Since their work trouble is grow-up. Blending to that situation the general public has to a great extent moved to robotized frameworks. There for we other than thought to do an AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM as a helping framework for general stores. In this part it gives essential perception and foundation factors about the endeavor. In this development we kept our going to regarding the matters, for example, foundation and intention. purposes and points and significance of the endeavor. From this part it can secure an over situation of the endeavor and will pressure the sensibility of our endeavor. 1. 2 Background and intention As we notice before today individuals are truly occupied with their working. Hence they don’t have clasp to make their day by day plants. For example, purchase products from business sectors. shopping and counseling doctors. People groups attempt to rescue cut from those exercises. Not simply that we can happen such a significant number of issues of this framework. We will compose a custom paper test on Last Report †Hardware Project Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For example, in the specific season time frames it has long holding up lines in the markets. Not simply has that yet next to when the measure is determined physically. it will example for some slip-ups. That will be a huge activity for both customer and the organization. Since it squander the clasp of the two sides. Other than certain tellers don’t have appropriate perception about the frameworks. for example, acknowledgment card frameworks. It has numerous issues non just in the customer side however next to in the organization side exorbitantly. Those are. at the point when the loads of market is finished and the owner don’t think about that. To cognize about that he should keep up retainers physically. to investigate whether the stocks are telling right or non. For that the owner should hold numerous specialists with him. Other than there aren’t a superior framework to keep customers kick and occupations. It takes long clasp to work out those occupations with the bing framework. Not only that when there are long holding up lines in the market the owner need to keep it. in any case individuals put shortcoming on him. At the point when it happen a vocation in that premises the two gatherings need to blow their clasp to work out those employments. Especially the owner needs to work out the employments in only mode by keeping up his cooperative attitude. Like that we can happen a bunch of employments and imp erfections with the bing arrangement of expert markets. By referencing those occupations we thought to do a framework named AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM as an answer for these employments. 1. 3 Aim and points Purpose:The reason for our endeavor was build up a useful framework by giving arrangements the above occupations and deformities. It’s AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM. Aims:* Studying engineerings fitting to our demands.* Testing the productivity and cost effectivity.* Designing and executing the system.* Programing the system.* Design the work area applications.* Develop the charge system.* Develop the stock instructing system.* Connecting the bundle partition with equipment portion.* Evaluation the proposed arrangements. 1. 4 Our answer ( Automated Supermarket System ) By sing the above occupations we built up our endeavor AUTOMATED SUPERMARKET SYSTEM as an answer for those deformities. We gracefully a simple work for customers from come ining moment to secure back moment from the grocery store through our framework. After roll uping the needed merchandise the customer need to venture to every part of the degree. which secured by the remote signs. At that point the RFID peruses every single ticket inside that degree and figure the measure. At that point after customer can pay the measure by his acknowledgment card or itinerant telephone. At the point when the measure is paid so it open the entryway for customer to obtain once again from the expert market. RFID ReaderRFID ReaderConsecutive Data Communication CircuitConsecutive Data Communication CircuitNot simply to the customer we had given answers for the expert market employments exorbitantly. At the point when customers purchase merchandise it lessens the stock. To cognize about the diminished products we build up a framework from our endeavor. At the point when the customer deal focuses and pay the measure. so those focuses are chopped down from the bing stock. At that point the stock manager can come in to the framework and can investigate about the stock. In the event that the stocks are lower than the standing stock so the stock attendant secure activity to make full those subsided focuses. What's more, the chief ( Administrator ) can dish the framework and can see the activity of pro market. Valiant HEARTSBRAVE HEARTS RFID TagRFID Tag Figure 1. 1: Simple Structure of the Automated Supermarket System 1. 5 Structure of the Dissertation Here. in our investigation section 1 is apportioned for the introduction and in part 2 it depict about the foundation data about the endeavor. providing different assaults to work out the activity. At that point in section 3 it depicts the designing which we utilized for the endeavor. Part 4 portray about assault. In section 5 we give the examination and structure that we use to work out the employments. What's more, Chapter 6 gives an intricate depiction about the execution of the endeavor. Part 7 gives more remote plants and choices of the endeavor. Part 8 gives a Mention of our endeavor. 1. 6 Drumhead This section gives a depiction about the requests which we assemble and the answer for those occupations ( the framework which we created ) . Furthermore foundation and thought process. reason and points. work and the proposed arrangement in the endeavor. The accompanying sections will portray the data broadly about our endeavor. Part 2Review of different frameworks 2. 1 Introduction In the old part. we have given the introduction of our endeavor. We have depicted the foundation and intention in the endeavor and the significance of the activity in the old part. After that we have portrayed about the reasons and points of our proposed arrangement quickly. In this section. we hope to flexibly the essential foundation data of our endeavor. We are venturing out to represent some different assaults to the employments that were expressed in old section. While sing the RFID Billing and Inventory Control Systems in Sri Lanka there are no frameworks that utilization RFID building despite the fact that there are frameworks that offer these maps with scanner tag designing. In any case, in abroad we can see that there are a few frameworks to bring through a portion of the above endeavors however they are extremely costly and non ease in the Sri Lankan showcase. 2. 2 Search results on comparable frameworks Before set abouting our endeavor we evaluated a few endeavors dealt with in abroad. There have been barely any old plants which displayed certain qualities of the RFID Billing and Inventory Control System. A large portion of these frameworks had constrained functionalities when contrasted with our framework as they were centered around either Billing and Gross saless or Inventory Control maps. The vast majority of them were promoted towards the huge graduated table creators and Sellerss who move huge aggregate of stocks in their interests. 2. 3 Problems of different frameworks The vast majority of the frameworks center around either Gross saless or Inventory division. there are no accessible frameworks which gives equivalent significance both Gross saless and Inventory. There is other than a recognizable insufficiency of RFID mechanical expertness in Sri Lankan advertise. This has in twist lead to a scarceness of RFID based Gross saless and Inventory Solutions locally. The majority of these frameworks are planned and made pointing large graduated table concerns. Along these lines they are difficult to be actualized by little to medium scale concerns. There are some RFID Systems that can offer all the maps we offer. Be that as it may, the occasion is that these machines are extremely costly. A few machines about cost more than 300. 000 LKR ( $ 3000 ) . Generally little to medium scale worries in our state can non pass that total of cash for such a machine. Albeit some enormous scope retail ironss in private part can pass large aggregate of cash however it is futile to pass a major total of cash for a machine when same framework using scanner tag designing is accessible extremely a lot less expensive and with only a few disadvantages. We build up our framework in low financial plan with the goal that we can gracefully the machine to neighborhood worries requiring little to no effort. Not only that yet next to we can distribute this framework to independent enterprisers who run minimal graduated table gracefully and conveyance administrations. The maps offered in our framework will help these enterprisers to bring together the entirety of their Gross saless and Inventory tasks and rescue cluster of clasp and assets. 2. 4 DrumheadI. There is no Billing and Inventory Control System that consolidates RFID designing in Sri Lanka. two. Despite the fact that different states have comparative frameworks. those frameworks don’t have all the maps offered by our framework. three. These frameworks are extremely costly and non ease to generally little to medium scale worries in Sri Lanka. four. There is an insufficiency of expertness in RFID engineeringin Sri Lanka. Section 3Technology Adapted 3. 1 Introduction This section essentially passes on the idea about the engineerings used to actualize our endeavor. Sing the way that the endeavor and the finishing up outcome ought to be a cost efficacious and straightforward one. we chose to use basic however incredible engineerings, for example, RFID building. back to back imparting. electromagnetic building. C # and Microsoft SQL server 2012. In this section it will be examined concerning why those engineerings are fitting to work out this activity. These engineerings were utilized in the system of building up the arrangement and there were independent engineerings to be utilized for the equipment region each piece great as the Software region. 3. 2 The Technologies We Used3. 2. 1 Technology utilized for the Hardware Section3. 2. 1. 1 Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) TechnologyHaving the main motivation behind introducing an utilization of RFID building. RFID peruser and tickets were utilized to actualize our undertaki

Books Guaranteed to Bust Your Reading Slump

Books Guaranteed to Bust Your Reading Slump Weve all been there: the dreaded reading slump. Reading slumps can seem intolerable since they go on forever and you never know how youll make it through (or if, ugh). But then somehow you find a magical book that jolts you out of it. Even Rioters are not immune to the book slump. For everyone who is out there now in reading slump land, here are some of Book Riot writers all-time favorite guaranteed slumpbusters. Who you going to call?  Slumpbusters! Ex Libris: Confessions of a Common Reader by  Anne Fadiman It took me a while to figure out I couldn’t cure my reading slump with just a good novel. I had to fall in love with reading again. Anne Fadiman’s short (162 pages) memoir that compiles essays about her lifelong passion for reading jolted me out of my slump by helping me remember how much I love to read and how meaningful books have been for me over my life. I read it the first week in January a few years ago, and it was a refreshing spark that lasted through a whole year of reading. I would recommend it to anyone looking to get out of a slump and back in touch with their relationship to reading. â€"Sarah S. Davis When Dimple Met Rishi by  Sandhya Menon Not only did this book get me through a reading slump, it got me through the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. The book should get a gold-star for that alone. It is completely delightful and lovely with a main character, Dimple, who I alternated between wanting to hug, befriend, mentor, and shrink in order to keep in my pocket because she’s just so great. If rooting for a lovely, smart, independent character while also laughing is what your life needs right now, let Dimple, and Rishi, bring some joy into your life and get you back to getting lost inside a book.â€"Jamie Canaves One Day We’ll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter by Scaachi Koul Some people have slumps between long spells of reading, but of late I’ve only been having standalone books which I’m able to complete between months of DNFing everything in sight. Scaachi Koul’s memoir was hilarious and excellent. Her writing flows in a way that compellingly pulls you in regardless of how shitty a day you’ve had or how much is on your mind. It’s one of the most honest, genuine books I’ve read in a while, and it was a great reading slump breakthrough for me. I read it in one sitting, but it’s also a good pick to keep in your bag for rereads or reading on your commute.â€"Deepali Agarwal Trigger Warning by Neil Gaiman I go back to Neil’s introductions to remind myself that stories can still happen, to read and to write. Trigger Warning is an inspiring piece of work, showing his various collected short stories and poems, running the gauntlet from melancholy hope to downright horror. There’s even some black comedy with a short story about a tanning cream that changes the narrator’s older sister. This collection gives me the courage to try new books, to find more words before I forget them.  â€"Priya Sridhar The Vanderbeekers of 141st Street by Karina Glaser My normal reading slump strategy is to re-read an old favorite; nearly any old favorite will do, and the longer it’s been a favorite, the betterâ€"which means I often re-read books for younger readers. But I busted this slump, which is sort of an ongoing state of being as a woman living in the world in 2017, with a new favorite, which happens to be a book for younger readers. Fellow Rioter Karina Glaser managed to capture everything that I love about so many middle grade books of my youth, all in one lovely, modern story about a family of nifty kids. Guaranteed feel-good slumpbusting, with a side of feelings. â€"Annika Barranti Klein   This is How You Lose Her by Junot Díaz I find myself returning to Díaz’s writing whenever I’m in a reading or writing slump. There’s something about his language and the way that his voice comes to life that centers me creatively. This is How You Lose Her is his second collection of short stories and his most recent book. The first paragraph of the first story is enough to drag you in and keep you there.â€"Rachel Wagner   The Goose Girl by Shannon Hale I was a voracious reader as a kid, but in high school I got bogged down by the increased pressure of assignments, grades, and reading thick classics for English class. I feared that books had lost their magical ability to transport me out of my head and into another world. When I picked up The Goose Girl, though, I couldn’t put it down. I was enraptured by the beautiful prose of this YA fantasy about Ani, a humble princess who can speak to animals but gets tongue-tied around people. I procrastinated on my homework to see how Ani overcomes a mutiny and stolen identity. When I finished, I had fallen in love with the power of a good story all over again.â€"Emily Polson The Giver by Lois Lowry When I’m in a true reading slump, I search for comfort. I search for the known. I search for the first book that sparked that desire to consume every book I come in contact with. I need something to remind me of that feeling where you literally can’t bring yourself to put a book down. Where you spend your day at work thinking about getting back home so you can finish. And for me, that book is The Giver by Lois Lowry. For me, slumpbusters have to be a quick read that is highly engaging, and The Giver fits both of those requirements. I’ve also found in general that middle grade or young adult books are a great way to break myself out of the dreading reading slump.â€"Elizabeth Allen Anything by Agatha Christie Reading anything by the Queen of Crime usually snaps me right out of a reading slump. Even if it’s a book of hers I’ve read before, I’ve probably forgotten who the murderer is, and it’s always fun to guess. There’s something comforting about Christie’s formulaâ€"strangers gathered together, including at least one spinster and one retired general; a country house, a train, or a small village; a very effective poison. Stir all and combineâ€"that makes me remember that there’s nothing better than settling in and finishing a book in one sitting. Some of my favourite Christies to beat a slump: Murder on the Orient Express, The ABC Murders, and anything starring Miss Marple.â€"Kathleen Keenan Steampunk Romance When I’m in a slump, it’s usually because I need something light and energizing to read, and for me that seems to mean steampunk romance. Gail Carriger, Bec McMaster, and Meljean Brook are my go-tos. They balance adventure, romance, travel, and dirigibles in a way that always lifts me out of my slump and reminds me of what I love about reading.â€"Aimee Miles A Lover’s Shame by AlTonya Washington When I am in a reading slump, I have to read a familiar favorite, which is usually anything by AlTonya Washington. Her Ramsey/Tesano saga is one that I never tire of rereading. Isak and Sabellas story in A Lovers Shame is one that I know by heart and is filled with Washingtons signature threads of mystery, betrayal and sensual romance. This book is also the culmination of one half of a saga and the beginning of another dangerous one. The way the suspense and romance weave seamlessly together in this novel always rejuvenates me and helps to take me out of my slump. â€"Natalya Muncuff

A Comparison of House of Usher, Bierces Beyond the Wall,...

Parallels in Poes House of Usher and Bierces Beyond the Wall, Poe’s The Black Cat and Bierces John Mortonsons Funeral, and in M.S. Found in a Bottle by Poe and Three and One are One by Bierce. When one decides to become an author, one can not help being influenced by his predecessors, causing some of ones work to reflect and echo the predecessors. Such is the case between Ambrose Bierce and his predecessor, Edgar Allen Poe. Excluding the obvious fact that both Poes and Bierces short stories show an attraction for death in its many forms, depictions of mental deteriorations, supernatural happenings, and ghostly manifestations, there are other similarities and parallels. Examples of them appear in Poes short story Fall†¦show more content†¦Bierce must have had this image in mind when he had his narrator arrive on a stormy night filled with incessant rain. The narrator in Bierces story tells the reader that the dwelling, a rather ugly one, apparently, stood in the center of its grounds, which as nearly as I could make out in the gloom were destitute of either flowers or grass. Three or four trees, writhing and moaning in the torment of the tempest, appeared to be try ing to escape from their dismal environment... in the window of [the house] was the only visible light. Something in the appearance of the place made me shudder, a performance that may have been assisted by a rill of rain water down my back as I scuttled to cover in the doorway. Even though, in The Fall of the House of Usher Poe is more verbose in describing the land and how it makes the narrator feel, the images and the mood are nearly the same. The only difference in the opening was the fact that in Beyond the Wall the storm had already started, and the storm in all its wrath did not really start until the narrator was inside the house. Not only is the setting of Beyond the Wall similar to House of Usher, but also certain descriptions of the childhood friend is also similar. Bierce wrote that the friend, Mohun Dampier, came from one of the oldest and most aristocratic families, and Poe had also said that the friend, Roderick Usher, had an ancient lineage. Both Poes

Ruthless Essay Service Strategies Exploited

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History of the Middle East Free Essays

CW43: The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001 Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1900–45 Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and influence of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |World War One |Misperceptions |Actors: Ottoman Empire |Jewish settlements |Paris Peace Conference | |Britain and Arabs ally against the Ottoman|Unaware of the details of the Sykes-Picot |Until 1917, retention of Arab customs in |Lovers of Zion; Rishon-le-Zion; more than 40 |Arabs should have the right to national | |Empire; expectation from the Arabs that |Agreement and the Balfour Declaration; Britain’s|Palestine |Zionist settlements in Palestine by 1914; Jewish|self-determination; need for a major power| |they would get Palestine in return; |support for both them and Zionism | |population doubled between |to help them run their new country; | |Hussein-McMahon letters | |Actors: Britain |1922–29 |Britain received the mandate to look after| | |Arab disagreement with various proposals: |Balfour Declaration; given a mandate over | |Palestine, also confirmed that the terms | |Political conflict |verdict of Paris Peace Conference |Palestine by the Paris Peace Conference; helped |Reasons for migration |of the Balfour Declaration should apply to| |Emir Feisal becomes king of an Arab state |Decision to include the Balfour Declaration in |the Jews build up their military forces such as |Influence of Rothschild; Herzl and the Zionist |the new country | |consisting of Palestine, Lebanon, |the way n which Palestine was to be governed; |the Hagannah and the Irgun Zvai Leumi |Congress in 1897; Jewish National Fund | | |Transjordan and Syria; publicly opposes |Peel Report – proposed a Jewish state and an | | |Peel Report | |Zionist migration; Arab parties unite to |Arab state |Actors: King-Crane Commission |Wartime immigration |Palestine should be divided into a Jewish | |form th e Arab Higher Committee; Ben | |Concluded that the case for a Zionist presence |Jews smuggled in by ship: the Struma |state and an Arab state; Britain to keep | |Gurion’s conference at the Biltmore Hotel |Rate of settlement |should be dropped; findings ignored by Paris | |control of the area around Jerusalem | |calls for the immediate creation of a |Herbert Samuel’s influence; Jewish population |Peace Conference | | | |Jewish state in Palestine |doubled between 1922–29 | | |1939 White Paper | | | |Actors: France | |Jewish immigration to be limited to 75,000| |Civil disobedience |Extreme Zionism |King Feisal started attacking the French; French| |over the next five years; no more | |1936 general strike |Vladimir Jabotinsky, demonstration near the |removed him from Syria and Lebanon | |immigration without Arab consent | | |Mosque of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem | | | | |Arab-Israeli violence | |Actors: Herbert Samuel | |1942 Biltmore Programme | |Protest against Samuel’s decision; 1929 |Jewish dissatisfaction |British Jew, High Commissioner of Palestine; | |Calls for the immediate creation of a | |massacre; Irgun planted bombs and shot |Anger at the 1939 White Paper in light of the |16,500 Jews to be allowed to settle in Palestine| |Jewish state in Palestine | |Arabs in response to the White Paper |Nazi threat |in 1920 | | | | | | | | | |Arab-British violence | |Events: First World War; Paris Peace Conference | | | |1937–39 rebellion | | | | | | | | | | | |Jewish-British violence | | | | | |Lehi, Abraham Stern, Lord Moyne, Irgun | | | | | |violence | | | | | | | | | | |World War Two | | | | | |30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the | | | | | |British army | | | | | The creation of the state of Israel and its impact Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and influence of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |Irgun and Lehi |British immigration limits |President Truman |Propaganda – Ben Gurion and the Jewish Agency |UN voted in November 1947 to partition | |From 1946, the Irgun and the Lehi began a |Despite President Truman’s declaration that |Demanded that 100,000 Jews be allowed into |continued to try to smuggle Jews into Palestine |Palestine six months from that date; | |large-scale campaign of violence against |100,000 Jews should be allowed into Palestine, |Palestine at once | |Jerusalem should be an international zone | |the British, including the blowing up of |the British fixed the limit at 1500 a month. | |Political change |under UN control; Jewish and Arab states | |the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, |This was the last straw for the Lehi and the |United Nations |On 15 May 1948, the British mandate ended and |should be linked in an economic union to | |headquarters of the British government in |Irgun; Exodus Asked to take back the mandate from Britain and | the Arab and Jewish states came into being; the |help each other’s trade | |Palestine, which killed 91 people | |decide the future of the country; UN Special |Jews named their state Israel and formed a | | | |UNSCOP Plan |Committee on Palestine; truce arranged on |government led by David Ben Gurion | | |Death toll |Jewish state would be larger than the Arab |11 June 1948 which allowed the Israelis to | | | |212 killings in Palestine |state; vote for partition was followed by |reorganise their army and transport the Czech |Effects of the violence | | | |violent Arab protests which soon turned into |weapons they had bought earlier in the year from|Nearly a million Palestinians left or were | | |Civil War |killings and counter-killings between Jews and |Europe; second truce lasted until October 15 |forced to leave their homes; most went to Jordan| | |Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin capture of |Arabs | |and the Gaza Strip, many went to Syria and | | |Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa; Hagga nah | |Arab League |Lebanon; Arab state of Palestine ceased to | | |occupied most of the Arab areas of West |Purchasing of arms |Palestine turned to it for help; however, it had|exist; Palestinians became a minority people in | | |Jerusalem |Hagannah leaders went to Skoda arms firm in |only been created recently and its members were |the new state of Israel | | | |Czechoslovakia and bought a huge quantity of |divided on many issues | | |War of Liberation |armaments | |Reasons for Palestinian migration | | |The civil war of 1948 was about to turn | | |Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli military | | |into an international war, the first of a |Arab League assistance | |victory; Arab leaders encouraged them to leave | | |series of Arab-Israeli conflicts that has |Arab League in December 1947 declared partition | |during the conflict | | |rocked the Middle East since 1948. On 15 |illegal and gave the Palestinians 10,000 rifles;| | | | |May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, |early in 1948 it formed an Arab Liberation Army | | | | |Transjordan, Iraq and Syria entered |of 3000 volunteers to fight in partition | | | | |Palestine with the aim of helping the | | | | | |Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state |Formation of Ben Gurion government | | | | |of Israel which had been created that day;|Five neighbouring Arab countries sent armies to | | | | |Arab Legion of Transjordan had taken back |make war on Israel | | | |control of the Old City of Jerusalem; | | | | | |Israelis seized western Galilee; drove the| | | | | |Lebanese back north; Israel was left in | | | | | |control of 80% of the land | | | | | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | |Description: |Description: |Description: |Description: | |On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, |Lasted for 10 days; in vasion began on |5 June 1967; Israeli initial air strike (bombed Egyptian |6 October; the Day of Atonement; Arab initial success: | |Iraq and Syria entered Palestine with the aim of helping |29 October; advanced deep into Sinai; involvement of |airfields and launched similar attacks against the other |smashed Israel’s Suez Canal defences; 80,000 Egyptians | |the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state of Israel |Britain and France; Egypt refused to evacuate Suez Canal |Arab air forces); land war (drove Egyptians out of the |crossed the canal; destroyed Israeli tanks; Syria | |which had been created that day |zone and were bombed by the British and French; UN voted |Gaza strip and Sinai; defeated Jordan within two days, |advanced into the Golan Heights and drove the Israelis | | for a ceasefire; Arab countries stopped supplying Britain|capturing the Old City of Jerusalem and the ‘West Bank’; |back into Galilee; Israel fought back: US weapons sent to| |Causes: |wi th oil; USA refused to support the invasion; Eden |attacked the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and this |Israel; 254,000 reservists mobilised; 14 October tank | |Establishment of Ben Gurion government; unhappiness with |forced to agree to a ceasefire just 24 hours after the |was over by June 10); United Nations ordered a ceasefire |battle against the Egyptians; Israel crossed into the | |the UN Partition Plan; British mandate expiring; both |first British troops had landed in Egypt; UN Emergency |which the Arab nations had to accept |Suez Canal; international pressure – USSR wanted it ended| |sides rearmed |Force moved in to police the border between Egypt and | |(feared that the Egyptians would lose); USA wanted it | | |Israel |Causes: |ended (did not want to provoke the Soviets into giving | |Effects: | |- Syria became violently anti-Israel (General Jedid’s |even more weapons to Egypt and Syria); joint ceasefire | |- Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armisti ces |Causes: |takeover, attacks by Fatah guerrillas from Syria |proposed came into force on 22 October | |with Israel but no peace treaty; many Arabs have refused|- Nasser wanted to avenge Egypt’s defeat in the 1948 war|increased) | | |to recognise Israel and have talked about destroying it;|against Israel and to return Palestine to the Arabs; |- Land dispute – Israeli tractor ploughed up some |Causes: | |many Jews arrived in Israel from existing refugee camps |increased wealth and armed strength; his reputation in |Arab-owned land close to the border and met Syrian fire. We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now |- Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 and he wanted to reverse| |and communities from Eastern Europe |the Arab world increased; he aimed to unite the Arabs |Israel responded by bombing Syrian guns. Israel warned |the Arab defeat of 1967 | |- Israel’s first law in 1950 was the Law of Return; |under Egyptian leadership |that it would strike back if Syria did not stop |- Egypt was more ready – asked the USSR for assistance; | |anti-Jewish riots; in Iraq, Zionism was punishable by |- 1955 arms agreement with Czechoslovakia gave Egypt |- USSR intervention (incorrectly argued that Israel was |plans were made for an invasion of Sinai across the Suez| |death; Arab protest at Israeli diversion of the waters |many Soviet weapons |ready to invade Syria at short notice); King Feisal of |Canal; Syria would also attack from the Golan Heights | |of River Jordan |- Support for Algerian rebels angered France – supported|Saudi Arabia and King Hussein of Jordan promised to help| | |- Need for $65 million of international aid to cope with|Arab rebels who were fighting the French in their colony|Syria |Effects: | |new humanitarian needs; change of leadership in Arab |of Algeri a |- Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to leave Egyptian |- Israeli victory: 12,000 Arabs had been killed compared| |governments: assassination of Egyptian prime minister in|- Nationalisation of Aswan Dam angered Britain – it had |territory; UN was ordered to withdraw; barred the Gulf |to 2000 Israelis | |1948; a series of military takeovers in 1949; in 1950: |been owned largely by British and French shareholders; |of Aqaba to Israeli ships; military pacts (Jordan and |- Oil as a weapon: OAPEC increased the price of Arab oil| |assassination of Lebanese prime minister; murder of |Nasser did this after Britain and the USA cancelled the|Egypt formed a defence pact; eight Arab states were |until Israel withdrew from Egypt and Syria | |King Abdullah of Jordan; coup in Egypt which gave |loans they had promised |poised to attack); Moshe Dayan (appointed Minister of |- USA tried to appease the Arabs | |Colonel Nasser power; Arab leaders blamed their defeat |- Increase of Fedayeen t tacks angered Israel – |Defence) decided to use attack as a form of defence |- Britain stopped supplying Israel with weapons | |on Britain and the USA and concentrated on improving |continuance of cross-border attacks; closing of the | |- EEC expressed sympathy for the Palestinians | |their economies |entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships | |- Kissinger’s proposal: disengagement of | | | | |Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974; they | | | | |should withdraw to pre-ceasefire positions; UN army | | | | |should control the gap between them; Israel should | | | | |withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) |War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | | – Some of the new leaders hoped for a union of the Arab|Effects: |Effects: | | |countries; very little action taken on Palestinian |- Egypt’s military power reduced – 1000 casualties; |- Israe l improved its strength and security – kept | | |refugees among all Arab countries, except Jordan; |Israel accepted as a permanent member of the |Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and doubled| | |Fedayeen established – secret guerrilla attacks on |international community |the size of the country | | |Israeli targets; each year from 1949 to 1955, some 250 |- Britain and France humiliated – their influence in the|- Disaster for the Arabs – 15,000 men killed; 800 tanks | | |Israelis were killed or wounded in such attacks. This |Middle East declined; had to leave Egypt empty-handed; |captured or destroyed; suffering for the Palestinians – | | |prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, including an |failed to overthrow Nasser; failed to keep the Suez |those who had been living in the West Bank and the Gaza | | |attack on the village of Qibya in Jordan in 1953 and in |Canal open; had to introduce petrol rationing |Strip were now in occupied territories and faced heavy | | |1955 the Israelis mounted a raid on the Gaza strip after|- Israel gained security against Fedayeen attacks – |restrictions on their lives | | |a series of Fedayeen attacks on their territory; Arab |destroyed their bases; UN took over Sharm el-Sheikh and |- Strength of Fatah – Turned to Fatah rather than other | | |boycott of Israeli trade – Israeli ships could not use |Gaza; emergence of Palestine Liberation Organisation |Arab states – Fatah increased their weapons; Battle of | | |the Suez Canal; confi scation of cargo from Israeli |- Nasser’s reputation in the Arab world increased – |Karameh; Arafat became leader; continual fighting | | |ships which called at Arab ports; Israel was in a |pro-western governments in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq |between Egypt and Israel; support from USSR; 1970 | | |permanent state of tension |turned against France and Britain; hopes for United Arab|ceasefire; Guerrilla warfare (PFLP, Dawson’s Field | | | |League were soon dashed hijackings), Black September Organisation assassinated | | | | |the Prime Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later | | | | |murdered eleven Israeli athletes taking part in the | | | | |Munich Olympic Games; failed diplomatic effort – UN | | | | |Resolution 242 | | Arab nationalism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the Arab world |Divisions in the Arab world |Conflict | |President Sadat |Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon | |Sadat’s initiative: recognised Israel’s existence; Camp David Agreement of 1978; Washington Treaty 1979; caused |26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a bus hijack; PLO continued their attacks undeterred by the UN| |fury in the Arab world; President Sadat was murdered by angry Egyptian soldiers |or the Christian militia leader, Major Haddad; June 1982 – 172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon; UN let them | | |pass; forced the PLO out of Beirut; PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel – assassination of pro-Israeli | |Lebanon |Maronite President Gemayel of Lebanon; Sabra-Chatila massacre turned public opinion in Israel against the war; | |Sunnis, Shi’ites, Druzes; Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics; conflict between Maronites and |Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned; Israel had to withdraw from Beirut; met with suicide bombs from fanatical | |Sunni Muslims; refugee problem |Shi’ites | | | | |PLO in Lebanon |PLO attacks | |Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them; full-scale civil war between |By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in south Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on Israel; splinter groups came | |Phalangist Militia and Tiger Militia and Shi’ite and Druze Muslims; Syria invaded Lebanon on the side of the |into being; Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner | |Christians and then killed Christians | | | |Internationalisation of conflict | |Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon |Terror campaign was spread in places like Britain and France; in 1986 an American soldier was killed by a terrorist| |Islamic Jihad Organisation; Hezbollah; Arab Red Knights; Black Brigades; civil war involved taking of hostages |bomb in West Berlin; US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi | | | | |Rise of Hamas from Fatah |Political dissension within Israel | |Following on from this, Hamas and other militant organisations rose to power and shook the foundations of the |Peres – talks in Morocco and Egypt; Taba; Yitzchak Shamir – no negotiation with the Arabs over the West Bank; | |authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat remained in his position until a month before |Jewish settlers continued to build new settlements there; Likud talked of extreme solutions such as the nnexation | |his death in 2004 |of the occupied territories | | | | | |Intifada | | |On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army patrol shot two attackers; uprising soon followed; strikes and economic | | |boycotts; refused to work for Israeli employers; Israel’s response – ‘iron fist’ | | | | | |Arafat’s change of tactics | | |Renounced terrorism; proclamation of independent state of Palestine; sought to negotiate a settlement with Israel; | | |USA entered int o talks with the PLO; the Oslo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and | | |PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-government in the Gaza Strip and the city of| | |Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to | | |get as close to their stated aims as was realistically possible, but this by no means marked the end of the | | |conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 2000–04 | Sources |Lowe, N. Mastering Modern World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 997) | |BBC series, Cold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, published by Transworld in 1998 | |Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnell’s History of the 20th century, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) | |Kyle, K. Suez: Britain’s End of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2003) | |Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinema nn, 1976) | |Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Penguin, 2003) | |Perkins, S. J. The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) | |Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) | |Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East: Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) | Processes (Part A) |Assess the impact of British intervention 1914–21 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 1945–56 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of the Cold War 1956–73 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. |Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 1990–91 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | The role of individuals (Part A) |What was the short-term significance of David Ben Gurion? | |What was the short-term significance of Colonel Abdel Nasser? | |What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? | |What was the short-term significance of Saddam Hussein? | Key events ( Part A) |What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? | |What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? | |What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? | |What was the short-term significance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995? | Processes (Part B) How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was Israeli migration as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | The role of individuals (Part B) |Assess the significance of the role of in dividuals in affecting Israeli-Arab relations in the years 1900–2001. | Key events (Part B) To what extent do you consider the Balfour Declaration to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the founding of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | How to cite History of the Middle East, Essay examples

History of the Middle East Free Essays

CW43: The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001 Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1900–45 Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and influence of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |World War One |Misperceptions |Actors: Ottoman Empire |Jewish settlements |Paris Peace Conference | |Britain and Arabs ally against the Ottoman|Unaware of the details of the Sykes-Picot |Until 1917, retention of Arab customs in |Lovers of Zion; Rishon-le-Zion; more than 40 |Arabs should have the right to national | |Empire; expectation from the Arabs that |Agreement and the Balfour Declaration; Britain’s|Palestine |Zionist settlements in Palestine by 1914; Jewish|self-determination; need for a major power| |they would get Palestine in return; |support for both them and Zionism | |population doubled between |to help them run their new country; | |Hussein-McMahon letters | |Actors: Britain |1922–29 |Britain received the mandate to look after| | |Arab disagreement with various proposals: |Balfour Declaration; given a mandate over | |Palestine, also confirmed that the terms | |Political conflict |verdict of Paris Peace Conference |Palestine by the Paris Peace Conference; helped |Reasons for migration |of the Balfour Declaration should apply to| |Emir Feisal becomes king of an Arab state |Decision to include the Balfour Declaration in |the Jews build up their military forces such as |Influence of Rothschild; Herzl and the Zionist |the new country | |consisting of Palestine, Lebanon, |the way n which Palestine was to be governed; |the Hagannah and the Irgun Zvai Leumi |Congress in 1897; Jewish National Fund | | |Transjordan and Syria; publicly opposes |Peel Report – proposed a Jewish state and an | | |Peel Report | |Zionist migration; Arab parties unite to |Arab state |Actors: King-Crane Commission |Wartime immigration |Palestine should be divided into a Jewish | |form th e Arab Higher Committee; Ben | |Concluded that the case for a Zionist presence |Jews smuggled in by ship: the Struma |state and an Arab state; Britain to keep | |Gurion’s conference at the Biltmore Hotel |Rate of settlement |should be dropped; findings ignored by Paris | |control of the area around Jerusalem | |calls for the immediate creation of a |Herbert Samuel’s influence; Jewish population |Peace Conference | | | |Jewish state in Palestine |doubled between 1922–29 | | |1939 White Paper | | | |Actors: France | |Jewish immigration to be limited to 75,000| |Civil disobedience |Extreme Zionism |King Feisal started attacking the French; French| |over the next five years; no more | |1936 general strike |Vladimir Jabotinsky, demonstration near the |removed him from Syria and Lebanon | |immigration without Arab consent | | |Mosque of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem | | | | |Arab-Israeli violence | |Actors: Herbert Samuel | |1942 Biltmore Programme | |Protest against Samuel’s decision; 1929 |Jewish dissatisfaction |British Jew, High Commissioner of Palestine; | |Calls for the immediate creation of a | |massacre; Irgun planted bombs and shot |Anger at the 1939 White Paper in light of the |16,500 Jews to be allowed to settle in Palestine| |Jewish state in Palestine | |Arabs in response to the White Paper |Nazi threat |in 1920 | | | | | | | | | |Arab-British violence | |Events: First World War; Paris Peace Conference | | | |1937–39 rebellion | | | | | | | | | | | |Jewish-British violence | | | | | |Lehi, Abraham Stern, Lord Moyne, Irgun | | | | | |violence | | | | | | | | | | |World War Two | | | | | |30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the | | | | | |British army | | | | | The creation of the state of Israel and its impact Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and influence of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |Irgun and Lehi |British immigration limits |President Truman |Propaganda – Ben Gurion and the Jewish Agency |UN voted in November 1947 to partition | |From 1946, the Irgun and the Lehi began a |Despite President Truman’s declaration that |Demanded that 100,000 Jews be allowed into |continued to try to smuggle Jews into Palestine |Palestine six months from that date; | |large-scale campaign of violence against |100,000 Jews should be allowed into Palestine, |Palestine at once | |Jerusalem should be an international zone | |the British, including the blowing up of |the British fixed the limit at 1500 a month. | |Political change |under UN control; Jewish and Arab states | |the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, |This was the last straw for the Lehi and the |United Nations |On 15 May 1948, the British mandate ended and |should be linked in an economic union to | |headquarters of the British government in |Irgun; Exodus Asked to take back the mandate from Britain and | the Arab and Jewish states came into being; the |help each other’s trade | |Palestine, which killed 91 people | |decide the future of the country; UN Special |Jews named their state Israel and formed a | | | |UNSCOP Plan |Committee on Palestine; truce arranged on |government led by David Ben Gurion | | |Death toll |Jewish state would be larger than the Arab |11 June 1948 which allowed the Israelis to | | | |212 killings in Palestine |state; vote for partition was followed by |reorganise their army and transport the Czech |Effects of the violence | | | |violent Arab protests which soon turned into |weapons they had bought earlier in the year from|Nearly a million Palestinians left or were | | |Civil War |killings and counter-killings between Jews and |Europe; second truce lasted until October 15 |forced to leave their homes; most went to Jordan| | |Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin capture of |Arabs | |and the Gaza Strip, many went to Syria and | | |Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa; Hagga nah | |Arab League |Lebanon; Arab state of Palestine ceased to | | |occupied most of the Arab areas of West |Purchasing of arms |Palestine turned to it for help; however, it had|exist; Palestinians became a minority people in | | |Jerusalem |Hagannah leaders went to Skoda arms firm in |only been created recently and its members were |the new state of Israel | | | |Czechoslovakia and bought a huge quantity of |divided on many issues | | |War of Liberation |armaments | |Reasons for Palestinian migration | | |The civil war of 1948 was about to turn | | |Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli military | | |into an international war, the first of a |Arab League assistance | |victory; Arab leaders encouraged them to leave | | |series of Arab-Israeli conflicts that has |Arab League in December 1947 declared partition | |during the conflict | | |rocked the Middle East since 1948. On 15 |illegal and gave the Palestinians 10,000 rifles;| | | | |May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, |early in 1948 it formed an Arab Liberation Army | | | | |Transjordan, Iraq and Syria entered |of 3000 volunteers to fight in partition | | | | |Palestine with the aim of helping the | | | | | |Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state |Formation of Ben Gurion government | | | | |of Israel which had been created that day;|Five neighbouring Arab countries sent armies to | | | | |Arab Legion of Transjordan had taken back |make war on Israel | | | |control of the Old City of Jerusalem; | | | | | |Israelis seized western Galilee; drove the| | | | | |Lebanese back north; Israel was left in | | | | | |control of 80% of the land | | | | | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | |Description: |Description: |Description: |Description: | |On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, |Lasted for 10 days; in vasion began on |5 June 1967; Israeli initial air strike (bombed Egyptian |6 October; the Day of Atonement; Arab initial success: | |Iraq and Syria entered Palestine with the aim of helping |29 October; advanced deep into Sinai; involvement of |airfields and launched similar attacks against the other |smashed Israel’s Suez Canal defences; 80,000 Egyptians | |the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state of Israel |Britain and France; Egypt refused to evacuate Suez Canal |Arab air forces); land war (drove Egyptians out of the |crossed the canal; destroyed Israeli tanks; Syria | |which had been created that day |zone and were bombed by the British and French; UN voted |Gaza strip and Sinai; defeated Jordan within two days, |advanced into the Golan Heights and drove the Israelis | | for a ceasefire; Arab countries stopped supplying Britain|capturing the Old City of Jerusalem and the ‘West Bank’; |back into Galilee; Israel fought back: US weapons sent to| |Causes: |wi th oil; USA refused to support the invasion; Eden |attacked the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and this |Israel; 254,000 reservists mobilised; 14 October tank | |Establishment of Ben Gurion government; unhappiness with |forced to agree to a ceasefire just 24 hours after the |was over by June 10); United Nations ordered a ceasefire |battle against the Egyptians; Israel crossed into the | |the UN Partition Plan; British mandate expiring; both |first British troops had landed in Egypt; UN Emergency |which the Arab nations had to accept |Suez Canal; international pressure – USSR wanted it ended| |sides rearmed |Force moved in to police the border between Egypt and | |(feared that the Egyptians would lose); USA wanted it | | |Israel |Causes: |ended (did not want to provoke the Soviets into giving | |Effects: | |- Syria became violently anti-Israel (General Jedid’s |even more weapons to Egypt and Syria); joint ceasefire | |- Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armisti ces |Causes: |takeover, attacks by Fatah guerrillas from Syria |proposed came into force on 22 October | |with Israel but no peace treaty; many Arabs have refused|- Nasser wanted to avenge Egypt’s defeat in the 1948 war|increased) | | |to recognise Israel and have talked about destroying it;|against Israel and to return Palestine to the Arabs; |- Land dispute – Israeli tractor ploughed up some |Causes: | |many Jews arrived in Israel from existing refugee camps |increased wealth and armed strength; his reputation in |Arab-owned land close to the border and met Syrian fire. We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now |- Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 and he wanted to reverse| |and communities from Eastern Europe |the Arab world increased; he aimed to unite the Arabs |Israel responded by bombing Syrian guns. Israel warned |the Arab defeat of 1967 | |- Israel’s first law in 1950 was the Law of Return; |under Egyptian leadership |that it would strike back if Syria did not stop |- Egypt was more ready – asked the USSR for assistance; | |anti-Jewish riots; in Iraq, Zionism was punishable by |- 1955 arms agreement with Czechoslovakia gave Egypt |- USSR intervention (incorrectly argued that Israel was |plans were made for an invasion of Sinai across the Suez| |death; Arab protest at Israeli diversion of the waters |many Soviet weapons |ready to invade Syria at short notice); King Feisal of |Canal; Syria would also attack from the Golan Heights | |of River Jordan |- Support for Algerian rebels angered France – supported|Saudi Arabia and King Hussein of Jordan promised to help| | |- Need for $65 million of international aid to cope with|Arab rebels who were fighting the French in their colony|Syria |Effects: | |new humanitarian needs; change of leadership in Arab |of Algeri a |- Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to leave Egyptian |- Israeli victory: 12,000 Arabs had been killed compared| |governments: assassination of Egyptian prime minister in|- Nationalisation of Aswan Dam angered Britain – it had |territory; UN was ordered to withdraw; barred the Gulf |to 2000 Israelis | |1948; a series of military takeovers in 1949; in 1950: |been owned largely by British and French shareholders; |of Aqaba to Israeli ships; military pacts (Jordan and |- Oil as a weapon: OAPEC increased the price of Arab oil| |assassination of Lebanese prime minister; murder of |Nasser did this after Britain and the USA cancelled the|Egypt formed a defence pact; eight Arab states were |until Israel withdrew from Egypt and Syria | |King Abdullah of Jordan; coup in Egypt which gave |loans they had promised |poised to attack); Moshe Dayan (appointed Minister of |- USA tried to appease the Arabs | |Colonel Nasser power; Arab leaders blamed their defeat |- Increase of Fedayeen t tacks angered Israel – |Defence) decided to use attack as a form of defence |- Britain stopped supplying Israel with weapons | |on Britain and the USA and concentrated on improving |continuance of cross-border attacks; closing of the | |- EEC expressed sympathy for the Palestinians | |their economies |entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships | |- Kissinger’s proposal: disengagement of | | | | |Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974; they | | | | |should withdraw to pre-ceasefire positions; UN army | | | | |should control the gap between them; Israel should | | | | |withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) |War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | | – Some of the new leaders hoped for a union of the Arab|Effects: |Effects: | | |countries; very little action taken on Palestinian |- Egypt’s military power reduced – 1000 casualties; |- Israe l improved its strength and security – kept | | |refugees among all Arab countries, except Jordan; |Israel accepted as a permanent member of the |Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and doubled| | |Fedayeen established – secret guerrilla attacks on |international community |the size of the country | | |Israeli targets; each year from 1949 to 1955, some 250 |- Britain and France humiliated – their influence in the|- Disaster for the Arabs – 15,000 men killed; 800 tanks | | |Israelis were killed or wounded in such attacks. This |Middle East declined; had to leave Egypt empty-handed; |captured or destroyed; suffering for the Palestinians – | | |prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, including an |failed to overthrow Nasser; failed to keep the Suez |those who had been living in the West Bank and the Gaza | | |attack on the village of Qibya in Jordan in 1953 and in |Canal open; had to introduce petrol rationing |Strip were now in occupied territories and faced heavy | | |1955 the Israelis mounted a raid on the Gaza strip after|- Israel gained security against Fedayeen attacks – |restrictions on their lives | | |a series of Fedayeen attacks on their territory; Arab |destroyed their bases; UN took over Sharm el-Sheikh and |- Strength of Fatah – Turned to Fatah rather than other | | |boycott of Israeli trade – Israeli ships could not use |Gaza; emergence of Palestine Liberation Organisation |Arab states – Fatah increased their weapons; Battle of | | |the Suez Canal; confi scation of cargo from Israeli |- Nasser’s reputation in the Arab world increased – |Karameh; Arafat became leader; continual fighting | | |ships which called at Arab ports; Israel was in a |pro-western governments in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq |between Egypt and Israel; support from USSR; 1970 | | |permanent state of tension |turned against France and Britain; hopes for United Arab|ceasefire; Guerrilla warfare (PFLP, Dawson’s Field | | | |League were soon dashed hijackings), Black September Organisation assassinated | | | | |the Prime Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later | | | | |murdered eleven Israeli athletes taking part in the | | | | |Munich Olympic Games; failed diplomatic effort – UN | | | | |Resolution 242 | | Arab nationalism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the Arab world |Divisions in the Arab world |Conflict | |President Sadat |Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon | |Sadat’s initiative: recognised Israel’s existence; Camp David Agreement of 1978; Washington Treaty 1979; caused |26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a bus hijack; PLO continued their attacks undeterred by the UN| |fury in the Arab world; President Sadat was murdered by angry Egyptian soldiers |or the Christian militia leader, Major Haddad; June 1982 – 172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon; UN let them | | |pass; forced the PLO out of Beirut; PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel – assassination of pro-Israeli | |Lebanon |Maronite President Gemayel of Lebanon; Sabra-Chatila massacre turned public opinion in Israel against the war; | |Sunnis, Shi’ites, Druzes; Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics; conflict between Maronites and |Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned; Israel had to withdraw from Beirut; met with suicide bombs from fanatical | |Sunni Muslims; refugee problem |Shi’ites | | | | |PLO in Lebanon |PLO attacks | |Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them; full-scale civil war between |By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in south Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on Israel; splinter groups came | |Phalangist Militia and Tiger Militia and Shi’ite and Druze Muslims; Syria invaded Lebanon on the side of the |into being; Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner | |Christians and then killed Christians | | | |Internationalisation of conflict | |Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon |Terror campaign was spread in places like Britain and France; in 1986 an American soldier was killed by a terrorist| |Islamic Jihad Organisation; Hezbollah; Arab Red Knights; Black Brigades; civil war involved taking of hostages |bomb in West Berlin; US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi | | | | |Rise of Hamas from Fatah |Political dissension within Israel | |Following on from this, Hamas and other militant organisations rose to power and shook the foundations of the |Peres – talks in Morocco and Egypt; Taba; Yitzchak Shamir – no negotiation with the Arabs over the West Bank; | |authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat remained in his position until a month before |Jewish settlers continued to build new settlements there; Likud talked of extreme solutions such as the nnexation | |his death in 2004 |of the occupied territories | | | | | |Intifada | | |On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army patrol shot two attackers; uprising soon followed; strikes and economic | | |boycotts; refused to work for Israeli employers; Israel’s response – ‘iron fist’ | | | | | |Arafat’s change of tactics | | |Renounced terrorism; proclamation of independent state of Palestine; sought to negotiate a settlement with Israel; | | |USA entered int o talks with the PLO; the Oslo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and | | |PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-government in the Gaza Strip and the city of| | |Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to | | |get as close to their stated aims as was realistically possible, but this by no means marked the end of the | | |conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 2000–04 | Sources |Lowe, N. Mastering Modern World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 997) | |BBC series, Cold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, published by Transworld in 1998 | |Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnell’s History of the 20th century, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) | |Kyle, K. Suez: Britain’s End of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2003) | |Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinema nn, 1976) | |Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Penguin, 2003) | |Perkins, S. J. The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) | |Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) | |Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East: Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) | Processes (Part A) |Assess the impact of British intervention 1914–21 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 1945–56 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of the Cold War 1956–73 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. |Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 1990–91 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | The role of individuals (Part A) |What was the short-term significance of David Ben Gurion? | |What was the short-term significance of Colonel Abdel Nasser? | |What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? | |What was the short-term significance of Saddam Hussein? | Key events ( Part A) |What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? | |What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? | |What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? | |What was the short-term significance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995? | Processes (Part B) How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was Israeli migration as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | The role of individuals (Part B) |Assess the significance of the role of in dividuals in affecting Israeli-Arab relations in the years 1900–2001. | Key events (Part B) To what extent do you consider the Balfour Declaration to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the founding of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | How to cite History of the Middle East, Essay examples